C/C++ Interactive Reference Guide/C-C++ Interactive Reference Guide.iso/c_ref/csource3/111_01/sq_hstry.doc

Text File | 1985-08-21 | 7.9 KB | 181 lines

Development History Of a File Compression Utility
          by   Richard Greenlaw
               251 Colony Ct.
               Gahanna, Ohio 43230

               May 18, 1981
               Revised June 6, 1981


Introduction:

The file compression system consists of two programs, SQ and
USQ,  meaning squeeze and unsqueeze. They are written in the
C language for the BDS C compiler.  The executable files are
SQ.COM and USQ.COM,  which are self-sufficient to run  under
the CP/M operating system and consist of 8080 machine code.

SQ.COM is compiled from files SQ.C,  SQDIO.C,  TR1.C, TR2.C,
IO.C,  SQ.H,  DIO.H and SQCOM.H.   USQ.COM is compiled  from
files USQ.C,  USQDIO.C,  UTR.C,  USQ.H and (again) DIO.H and
SQCOM.H.  Both  COM  files  also  include  standard  library
functions and the BDS-C run-time package.

SQDIO.C  and  USQDIO.H  provide  i/o  redirection  and  pipe
simulation  and  are  just the BDS dio  package  renamed  to
produce  distinct  CRL files corresponding to the  different
addresses   of  external  variables  with  which  they   are
compiled.

The  SQ  program  builds a squeezed  file  by  applying  two
transformations:

First, byte values which are repeated consecutively three or
more  times  are  reduced  to  the  value,   the  token  DLE
(delimiter), and a count. The penalty is that occurrances of
DLE are encoded as DLE, zero.

Second,  the  Huffman algorithm encodes each resulting  byte
value  or  endfile as a bit string having  length  inversely
proportional  to  its frequency of  occurrance.  This  is  a
complex process requiring reading the input file twice.

The  squeezed file contains various information to allow the
USQ  program  to decode it and recreate  the  original  file
exactly.

The environment:

The  programs  should be nearly portable.  The  CP/M  system
actually used is single user 2MHz 8080 without interrupts.

The  BDS  C compiler supports a subset of  C.  It  does  not
support  register variables,  long integers or floats.  That
leads  to  complexity  in  collecting  and  processing   the
frequencies  of  occurance of the various byte values  being
encoded.

Outline of SQ

The  interesting  work begins in function  squeeze  in  file
SQ.C.  In the first pass,  init_huff in file TR2.C reads the
input  through  the first encoder,  getcnr,  in file  TR1.C,
collects the frequency distribution and builds the  decoding
and encoding structures.  Then wrt_head in file TR2.C writes
control information and the decoding structure to the output
file.

In  the  second pass,  encoded bytes consisting of bits  and
pieces  of bit strings are generated by function gethuff  in
file TR2.C and are simply written to the output by squeeze.

Development History of SQ

There  have  been seven operational pre-release versions  of
SQ.  The  motive  for  change in  each  case  was  primarily
increased  execution  speed,  although the  conveniences  of
operating  on lists of files,  automatic name generation for
squeezed files,  and output drive specifiers were also added
in the later versions.

Early  versions called the following chain of  functions  to
get  a  byte of  encoded  data:  gethuff,  getbit,  get_cnr,
getc_crc and getc. It wrote through putce and putc. That's a
lot  of function calling.  In addittion,  gethuff and getbit
were passed pointers to functions to identify get_cnr.

Actually,  those versions used a dummy function for get_cnr,
the  repeated value encoder,  although the actual  code  was
present.  This was to simplify debugging and because USQ did
not yet have the inverse of that translation.

The  benchmark  for comparisons was not  consistent  because
files were lost at two points. In effect, the current SQ.COM
squeezed itself!  It typically acheived 6-7% compression  on
a  machine code file of 8K to 10K bytes.  Of course  machine
code  is not a practical case,  but it is a rugged  workout.
Text  files  are  compressed 33% to  46%  depending  on  the
richness and distribution of the alphabet.

V0,  for  which listings have not survived,  took 5:10 (five
minutes, 10 seconds) to squeeze itself! This was improved to
4:23 by the optimizer option of the compiler,  which  simply
generates  in-line code rather than subroutine calls for all
local  and  external  variable  accesses.   It  was  further
improved  to 4:18 (and restored to its original  length)  by
the  -e  compiler option which specifies the origin  of  the
external variable area to allow direct addressing.  (The BDS
linker resolves only function names - externals are actually
like  FORTRAN COMMON and are normally accessed relative to a
pointer kept in RAM!).

Subsequent  improvements  came mostly from recoding the  key
routine.  Copies  of  gethuff  and its  partner  getbit  are
attached  for  versions  V1  through  V6  and  the  complete
listings (20 pages) for V6 are included.

In  V0 through V2,  gethuff forms an output byte by  calling
getbit eight times and packing the bits. This is the obvious
method  because  the Huffman translation  produces  variable
length bit strings, not a byte for a byte.

V1 introduced the variable codebyte to the getbit  function.
It  was  rotated  each  time a  bit  was  removed,  so  that
subsequent calls had to shift it only one bit position. This
involved considerable change. Timing is uncertain now.

V2  continued to improve the getbit function by  customizing
the  three  basic cases and providing seperate returns  from
each to avoid unnecessary work.

The  changes  of  V1 and V2 reduced  run  time  to  1:41,  a
whopping 61% reduction!

V3 incooperated getbit into gethuff.  This wasn't  difficult
because  getbit was called only once by gethuff.  It ran  in
1:27 (on a slightly smaller file), another 14% reduction.

V4  removed the pointers to functions mentioned earlier  and
substituted  direct calls.  However,  at this point the real
translation for repeated values was enabled.  The net result
was a slight loss of ground to 1:30, but more productive work.

V0  through  V4  worked from Huffman  code  bit  strings  of
indefinite  length  accessed through an array  of  pointers.
Each  string  was  byte alligned (unlike the  final  encoded
data).

V5  was a complete redesign of the storage and retreival  of
the  array  of  code strings.  I had  finally  succeeded  in
proving that the maximum length code string would fit in the
same space as the sum of all frequency counts, so scaling in
init_huff  was made more rigorous to fit them into  unsigned
integers (16 bits).

This  redesign paved the way for a relatively simple  method
of  processing  the  code strings several bits  at  a  time,
rather  than singly in an eight pass loop to form an  output
byte.

At  this  this point the fancy file name  processing,  etc.,
were added, increasing the size of SQ.COM from 7680 bytes to
10,112  bytes,  an increase of 32% in the work performed  by
the "benchmark".  V5 ran in 1:40,  which scales to  1:16,  a
reduction of 16%. In a second variant, changing the variable
cbitsrem to a char from an integer saved another 5%.

V6 restructures the gethuff of V5,  replacing the while loop
with  a  custom (goto) loop with the exit  condition  tested
only in a special case. The two basic cases also do only the
work necessary to their cases.  Also,  squeeze in SQ.C calls
putc  directly  and  does its own check for  write  failure,
saving one layer of function calls.  It ran in 1:29  (scales
to 1:08), a reduction of 6% from the second variant of V5.

The  overall performance improvement ratio,  scaled for  the
one  major change in the benchmark workload (but not  taking
credit  for the enabling of the repeated character encoding)
was  about  4.5  :  1,  or a  reduction  of  78%.  The  true
improvement was probably a factor of 5.
 added, increasing the size of SQ.COM from 7680 bytes to
10,112  bytes,  an increase of 32% in the work performe